Year 1861 (MDCCCLXI Roman numerals are a numeral system of ancient Rome based on letters of the alphabet, which are combined to signify the sum of their values. The first ten Roman numerals are) was a common year starting on Tuesday This is the calendar for any common year starting on Tuesday . Examples: Gregorian years 2002, 2013 & 1991 or Julian year 1919 (see bottom tables) (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar The Gregorian calendar is the internationally accepted civil calendar. It was introduced by Pope Gregory XIII, after whom the calendar was named, by a decree signed on 24 February 1582, a papal bull known by its opening words Inter gravissimas. The reformed calendar was adopted later that year by a handful of countries, with other countries (or a common year starting on Sunday This is the calendar for any common year starting on Sunday or for any year in which “Doomsday” is Tuesday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar The Julian calendar, a reform of the Roman calendar, was introduced by Julius Caesar in 46 BC, and came into force in 45 BC . It was chosen after consultation with the astronomer Sosigenes of Alexandria and was probably designed to approximate the tropical year, known at least since Hipparchus. It has a regular year of 365 days divided into 12).

Events of 1861

January–March

• January 1 January 1 is the first day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. There are 364 days remaining until the end of the year . The preceding day is December 31 of the previous year – Benito Juárez Benito Pablo Juárez García was a Zapotec Amerindian who served five terms as president of Mexico: 1858–1861 as interim, 1861–1865, 1865–1867, 1867–1871 and 1871–1872. Benito Juárez was the first Mexican leader who did not have a military background, and also the first full-blooded indigenous national ever to serve as President of captures Mexico City Mexico City is the capital and largest city in the country of Mexico. Mexico City is also the Federal District (Distrito Federal), seat of the federal government. The Federal District is considered a federal entity within Mexico and is not part of any one of the 31 Mexican states but belongs to the federation as a whole. It is the most important.
• January 2 January 2 is the second day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. There are 363 days remaining until the end of the year – Friedrich Wilhelm IV of Prussia King Frederick William IV of Prussia (15 October 1795 – 2 January 1861), the eldest son and successor of Frederick William III of Prussia, reigned as King of Prussia from 1840 to 1861. He was in personal union the sovereign prince of the Principality of Neuchâtel (1840 – 1857) dies and is succeeded by Wilhelm I Wilhelm I, also known as Wilhelm the Great (22 March 1797–9 March 1888) of the House of Hohenzollern was the King of Prussia (2 January 1861–9 March 1888) and the first German Emperor (18 January 1871–9 March 1888).
• January 3 January 3 is the third day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. There are 362 days remaining until the end of the year . The Perihelion, the point in the year when the Earth is closest to the Sun, occurs around this date – American Civil War Union blockade – Eastern – Western – Lower Seaboard – Trans-Mississippi – Pacific Coast: Delaware Delaware is located in the northeastern portion of the Delmarva Peninsula and is the second smallest state in area . Estimates in 2007 rank the population of Delaware as 45th in the nation, but 6th in population density, with more than 60% of the population in New Castle County. Delaware is divided into three counties. From north to south, these votes not to secede from the Union ^ b. English is the de facto language of American government and the sole language spoken at home by 80% of Americans age five and older. Spanish is the second most commonly spoken language.
• January 9 January 9 is the ninth day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. There are 356 days remaining until the end of the year – Mississippi Mississippi is bordered on the north by Tennessee, on the east by Alabama, on the south by Louisiana and a narrow coast on the Gulf of Mexico and on the west, across the Mississippi River, by Louisiana and Arkansas becomes the second state to secede from the Union, preceding the American Civil War.
• January 10 January 10 is the 10th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. There are 355 days remaining until the end of the year – American Civil War: Florida With an area of 65,758 square miles , it is ranked 22nd in size among the 50 U.S. states. Florida has the most coastline in the Contiguous United States encompassing approximately 1,200 miles. The state has four large urban areas, a number of smaller industrial cities, and many small towns secedes from the Union.
• January 11 January 11 is the 11th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. There are 354 days remaining until the end of the year – American Civil War: Alabama From the American Civil War until World War II, Alabama, like many Southern states, suffered economic hardship, in part because of continued dependence on agriculture. Despite the growth of major industries and urban centers, white rural interests dominated the state legislature until the 1960s, while urban interests and African Americans were secedes from the Union.
• January 12 January 12 is the 12th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. There are 353 days remaining until the end of the year – Major Robert Anderson Robert Anderson was an American military leader. He served as a Union Army officer in the American Civil War, known for his command of Fort Sumter at the start of the war. He is often referred to as Major Robert Anderson, referring to his rank at Fort Sumter. Later, in 1871 he died in France at age 65 sends dispatches to Washington.
• January 19 January 19 is the 19th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. There are 346 days remaining until the end of the year – American Civil War: Georgia Georgia is bordered on the south by Florida; on the east by the Atlantic Ocean and South Carolina; on the west by Alabama and by Florida in the south; and on the north by Tennessee and North Carolina. The northern part of the state is in the Blue Ridge Mountains, a mountain range in the vast Appalachian Mountains system. The central piedmont secedes from the Union.
• January 21 January 21 is the 21st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. There are 344 days remaining until the end of the year – American Civil War: Jefferson Davis Jefferson Finis Davis was an American military officer, statesman and leader of the Confederacy during the American Civil War, serving as the President of the Confederate States of America for its entire history, 1861 to 1865 resigns from the United States Senate The United States Senate is the upper house of the bicameral United States Congress, the lower house being the House of Representatives. The composition and powers of the Senate and the House are established in Article One of the U.S. Constitution . Each U.S state is represented by two senators, regardless of population. Senators serve staggered.
• January 26 January 26 is the 26th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. There are 339 days remaining until the end of the year – American Civil War: Louisiana Some Louisiana urban environments have a multicultural, multilingual heritage, being so strongly influenced by an admixture of 18th century French, Spanish and African cultures that they are considered to be somewhat exceptional in the U.S. Before the American influx and statehood at the beginning of the 19th century, the territory of current secedes from the Union.
• January 29 January 29 is the 29th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. There are 336 days remaining until the end of the year – Kansas Historically, the area was home to large numbers of nomadic Native Americans who hunted bison. It was first settled by European Americans in the 1830s, but the pace of settlement accelerated in the 1850s, in the midst of political wars over the slavery issue. When officially opened to settlement by the U.S. government in 1854, abolitionist Free- is admitted as the 34th U.S. state A U.S. state is any one of 50 federated states of the United States of America that share sovereignty with the federal government. Because of this shared sovereignty, an American is a citizen both of the federal entity and of his or her state of domicile. Four states use the official title of commonwealth rather than state. State citizenship is.
• February 1 February 1 is the 32nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. There are 333 days remaining until the end of the year – American Civil War: Texas Houston is the largest city in Texas and the fourth-largest in the United States, while San Antonio is the second largest in the state and seventh largest in the United States. Dallas–Fort Worth and Greater Houston are the fourth and sixth largest United States metropolitan areas, respectively. Other major cities include El Paso and Austin—the secedes from the Union.
• February 4 February 4 is the 35th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. There are 330 days remaining until the end of the year – American Civil War: In Montgomery Montgomery is the capital, second most populous city, and the fourth most populous metropolitan area in the Southern U.S. state of Alabama, and is the county seat of Montgomery County. It is located southeast of the center of the state, in the Gulf Coastal Plain. The city population was 201,568 as of the 2000 census. Montgomery is the primary city, Alabama From the American Civil War until World War II, Alabama, like many Southern states, suffered economic hardship, in part because of continued dependence on agriculture. Despite the growth of major industries and urban centers, white rural interests dominated the state legislature until the 1960s, while urban interests and African Americans were, the Provisional Confederate Congress is formed by representatives from the first six break-away United States A U.S. state is any one of 50 federated states of the United States of America that share sovereignty with the federal government. Because of this shared sovereignty, an American is a citizen both of the federal entity and of his or her state of domicile. Four states use the official title of commonwealth rather than state. State citizenship is.
• February 8 February 8 is the 39th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. There are 326 days remaining until the end of the year – American Civil War: The Confederate States of America The Confederate States of America was the government set up from 1861 to 1865 by eleven southern slave states of the United States of America that had declared their secession from the U.S. The CSA's de facto control over its claimed territory varied during the course of the American Civil War, depending on the success of its military in battle are formed, comprising the first six break-away States.
• February 9 February 9 is the 40th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. There are 325 days remaining until the end of the year – American Civil War: Jefferson Davis is elected the Provisional President of the Confederate States of America The Confederate States of America was the government set up from 1861 to 1865 by eleven southern slave states of the United States of America that had declared their secession from the U.S. The CSA's de facto control over its claimed territory varied during the course of the American Civil War, depending on the success of its military in battle by the Weed Convention at Montgomery, Alabama Montgomery is the capital, second most populous city, and the fourth most populous metropolitan area in the Southern U.S. state of Alabama, and is the county seat of Montgomery County. It is located southeast of the center of the state, in the Gulf Coastal Plain. The city population was 201,568 as of the 2000 census. Montgomery is the primary city.
• February 11 February 11 is the 42nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. There are 323 days remaining until the end of the year – American Civil War: The U.S. House unanimously passes a resolution guaranteeing non-interference with slavery in any state.
• February 13 February 13 is the 44th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. There are 321 days remaining until the end of the year – The Siege of Gaeta, last stronghold of the Neapolitan King Francis II Francis II , was King of the Two Sicilies from 1859 to 1861. He was the last King of the Two Sicilies, as successive invasions by Giuseppe Garibaldi and Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia ultimately brought an end to his rule, and marked the first major event of Italian unification. After he was deposed, the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies and the Kingdom, is ended by Piedmontese forces. Francis goes into exile.
• February 18 February 18 is the 49th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. There are 316 days remaining until the end of the year
  • American Civil War: In Montgomery, Alabama, Jefferson Davis is inaugurated as the provisional president of the Confederate States of America.
  • Victor Emmanuel Victor Emmanuel II was the King of Piedmont, Savoy, and Sardinia from 1849 to 1861. On 18 February 1861, he assumed the title King of Italy to become the first king of a united Italy, a title he held until his death in 1878. The Italians gave him the epithet Father of the Fatherland (Italian: Padre della Patria) of Piedmont-Sardinia becomes King of Italy. See: Italian unification

• February 23 – President-elect Abraham Lincoln arrives secretly in Washington, D.C. after an assassination attempt in Baltimore, Maryland.
• February 27 – Russian troops fire upon a crowd in Warsaw protesting Russian rule over Poland, killing 5 protesters.
• February 28 – Colorado is organized as a United States territory.
• March 2
  • Nevada is organized as a United States territory.
  • Texas is admitted to the Confederate States of America.
  • (February 19 O.S.) – Serfdom is abolished in Imperial Russia.
• March 4
  • President Abraham Lincoln takes office, succeeding James Buchanan.
  • American Civil War: The Stars and Bars is adopted as the flag of the United Confederate States of America.
• March 10 – El Hadj Umar Tall seizes the city of Segou, destroying the Bambara Empire of Mali.
• March 11 – American Civil War: The Constitution of the Confederate States of America is adopted.
• March 17 – The Kingdom of Italy is proclaimed, with Victor Emmanuel II as its king.
• March 19 – The First Taranaki War ends in New Zealand.
• March 20
  • An earthquake completely destroys Mendoza, Argentina.
  • The surrender of Civitella del Tronto ends the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies.
• March 30 – Sir William Crookes announces his discovery of Thallium (see Discovery of the chemical elements).

April–June

• April 12 – The American Civil War begins at Fort Sumter, South Carolina.
• April 13 – Fort Sumter surrenders to Southern forces.
• April 15 – President Abraham Lincoln issues a Proclamation calling for 75,000 men to confront in the South, "combinations too powerful to be suppressed in the ordinary way".
• April 17 – The state of Virginia secedes from the Union.
• April 20 – American Civil War: Robert E. Lee resigns his commission in the United States Army in order to command the forces of the state of Virginia.
• April 25 – American Civil War: The Union Army arrives in Washington, D.C.
• April 26 – Giovanni Schiaparelli discovered the asteroid 69 Hesperia.
• April 27 – American Civil War:
  • President Abraham Lincoln suspends the writ of habeas corpus in the United States.
  • West Virginia secedes from Virginia.
• May 6 – American Civil War: Arkansas secedes from the Union.
• May 7 – American Civil War: Tennessee secedes from the Union.
• May 8 – American Civil War: Richmond, Virginia is named the capital of the Confederate States of America.

• May 13
  • American Civil War: Victoria of the United Kingdom issues a "proclamation of neutrality" which recognizes the breakaway states as having belligerent rights.
  • Comet C/1861 J1 (the "Great Comet of 1861") is discovered in Australia.
• May 14 – The Canellas meteorite, an 859 gram chondrite type meteorite, strikes Earth near Barcelona, Spain.
• May 20 – American Civil War: Kentucky proclaims its neutrality which lasts until September 3, when Confederate forces enter the state. North Carolina secedes from the Union.
• June 9 – Lebanon is separated from Syrian administration and reunited under an Ottoman governor with the approval of the European powers.
• June 15 – Benito Juárez is formally elected President of Mexico; he temporarily stops the payments of foreign debt.
• June 22 – Tooley Street fire starts and takes the life of James Braidwood first director of the London Fire Brigade.
• June 25 – Abd-ul-Mejid, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire (1839–1861) dies and is succeeded by Abd-ul-Aziz (1861–1876).

July–September

• July 1 – The first issue of the Vatican's newspaper L'Osservatore Romano is published.
• July 1 – Battle of Shanghai (1861), China civil war
• July 2 – Ivan Kasatkin lands on Hakodate and introduces the Eastern Orthodox Church into Japan.
• July 13 – American Civil War: The Battle of Corrick's Ford takes place in western Virginia.
• July 21 – American Civil War – First Battle of Bull Run: At Manassas Junction, Virginia, the first major battle of the war ends in a Confederate victory.
• July 25 – American Civil War: The Crittenden-Johnson Resolution is passed by the U.S. Congress, stating that the war is being fought to preserve the Union and not to end slavery.
• July 26 – American Civil War: George B. McClellan assumes command of the Army of the Potomac following a disastrous Union defeat at the First Battle of Bull Run.
• August 5
  • American Civil War: In order to help pay for the war effort, the United States government issues the first income tax as part of the Revenue Act of 1861 (3% of all incomes over US $800; rescinded in 1872).
  • The U.S. Army abolishes flogging.
• August 19 – First ascent of Weisshorn, fifth highest summit in the Alps.
• August 27 – Martin Doyle's is the last execution in Britain for attempted murder.
• September 3 – American Civil War: Confederate General Leonidas Polk invades neutral Kentucky, prompting the state legislature to ask for Union assistance.
• September 6 – American Civil War: Forces under Union General Ulysses S. Grant bloodlessly capture Paducah, Kentucky, which gives the Union control the mouth of the Tennessee River.

October–December

• October 9 – American Civil War – Battle of Santa Rosa Island: Confederate forces are defeated in their effort to take the island.
• October 21 – American Civil War- Battle of Ball's Bluff: Union forces under Colonel Edward Baker are defeated by Confederate troops in the second major battle of the war. Baker, a close friend of Abraham Lincoln, is killed in the fighting.
• October 24 – The HMS Warrior, the world's first ocean-going (all) iron-hulled armored battleship, is completed and commissioned.
• October 26- The Pony Express announces its closure.
• October 28 – The Missouri legislature takes up a bill for Missouri's secession from the Union.
• October 30 – The bill is passed for Missouri's secession from the Union.
• October 31
  • The Missouri's secession from the Union bill is signed by Governor Jackson.
  • American Civil War: Citing failing health, Union General Winfield Scott resigns as Commander of the United States Army.
• November 1 – American Civil War: U.S. President Abraham Lincoln appoints George B. McClellan as commander of the Union Army, replacing the aged General Winfield Scott.
• November 2 – American Civil War: Western Department Union General John C. Fremont is relieved of command and replaced by David Hunter.
• November 6 – American Civil War: Jefferson Davis is elected president of the Confederate States of America.
• November 5 – The first Australian Melbourne Cup horse race is held.
• November 7 – American Civil War – Battle of Belmont: In Belmont, Missouri, Union forces led by General Ulysses S. Grant overrun a Confederate camp but are forced to retreat when Confederate reinforcements arrive.
• November 8 – American Civil War – Trent Affair: The USS San Jacinto stops the United Kingdom mail ship Trent and arrests two Confederate envoys, James Mason and John Slidell, sparking a diplomatic crisis between the U.K. and U.S.
• November 21 – American Civil War: Confederate President Jefferson Davis appoints Judah Benjamin Secretary of War.
• November 25 – A tenement collapses in the Old Town of Edinburgh and buries 50; rescuers find 15 of them alive.
• November 28 – Acting on the ordinance passed by the Jackson government, the Confederate Congress admits Missouri as the 12th Confederate state.
• December 10 – American Civil War: Kentucky is accepted into the Confederate States of America.

Undated

• News of Henri Mouhot's discovery of Angkor Wat is published.
• In Britain, the death penalty is limited to murder, high treason, espionage, piracy with violence and acts of arson perpetrated upon docks or ammunition depots.
• The British Empire establishes bases in Lagos to stop the slave trade.
• First industrial meat packing plant in Uruguay established at Fray Bentos.

Ongoing events

• American Civil War (1861–1865)
• Taiping Rebellion (1851–1864)

Births

January–June

• January 14 – Mehmed VI, Ottoman Sultan (d. 1926)
• January 30 – Charles Martin Loeffler, American composer (d. 1935)
• February 12 – Lou Andreas-Salome, Russian-born author (d. 1937)
• February 15 – Charles Edouard Guillaume, French physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1938)
• February 17 – Princess Helena, Duchess of Albany, (d. 1922)
• February 26 – King Ferdinand of Bulgaria (d. 1948)
• February 27 – Rudolf Steiner, Austrian philosopher (d. 1925)
• April 8 – Son Byong-Hi, Korean independence activist (d. 1922)
• April 15 – Bliss Carman, Canadian poet (d. 1929)
• May 7 – Rabindranath Tagore, Indian writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1941)
• May 11 – Frederick Russell Burnham, American Scout, father of the international scouting movement (d. 1947)
• May 14 – Harro Magnussen, German sculptor (d. 1908)
• June 12 – William Attewell, English cricketer (d. 1927)
• June 19 – Doctor Jose Rizal, Philippine national hero (d. 1896)
• June 20 – Frederick Hopkins, English biochemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine (d. 1947)

July–December

• September 2 – Henrietta Crosman, American stage & film actress (d. 1944)
• September 10 – Niels Hansen Jacobsen, Danish sculptor and ceramist (d. 1941)
• September 23 – Mary Elizabeth Coleridge, British poet and novelist (d. 1907)

• September 30 – William Wrigley Jr., U.S. chewing gum industrialist (d. 1932)
• October 4 – Frederic S. Remington, cowboy artist and sculptor (d. 1909)
• October 16 – J. B. Bury, British historian (d. 1927)
• October 30 – Antoine Bourdelle, French sculptor (d. 1929)
• November 6 – James Naismith, Canadian inventor of basketball (d. 1939)
• December 4 – Lillian Russell, American singer and vaudeville star (d. 1922)
• December 4 – Hannes Hafstein, 1st Prime Minister of Iceland (d. 1922)
• December 8 – Georges Méliès, French film director (d. 1938)
• December 10 – Fridtjof Nansen, Norwegian explorer, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1930)
• December 15
  • Pehr Evind Svinhufvud, Prime Minister and President of Finland (d. 1944)
  • Charles Duryea, manufacturer of motor vehicles (d. 1938)
• December 16 – Antonio de La Gandara, French painter (d. 1917)
• December 20 – Ivana Kobilca, Slovenian painter (d. 1926)
• 'date unknown
  • William H. Stayton – American founder of the Association Against the Prohibition Amendment (d. ?)
  • Vengayil Kunhiraman Nayanar, Malayali journalist and short story writer (d. 1914)

Deaths

January–June

• January 2 – King Frederick William IV of Prussia (b. 1795)
• January 17 – Lola Montez, Irish-born dancer and mistress of King Ludwig I of Bavaria (b. 1821)
• April 15 – Isaiah Stillman, U.S. Army Major in the Black Hawk War (b. 1793)
• March 10 – Taras Shevchenko, Ukrainian poet, nationalist, and founder of Ukrainian literature (b. 1814)
• May 29 – Joachim Lelewel, Polish nationalist historian (b. 1786)
• June 3 – Stephen A. Douglas, U.S. Senator from Illinois and Presidential candidate (b. 1813)
• June 25 – Abd-ul-Mejid, Ottoman Sultan (b. 1823)
• June 29 – Elizabeth Barrett Browning, English poet (b. 1806)

July–December

• July 25 – Jonas Furrer, member of the Swiss Federal Council (b. 1805)
• August 12 – Eliphalet Remington, gunsmith and founder of Remington Arms (b. 1793)
• August 17 – Alcée Louis la Branche, American politician (b. 1806)
• August 22 – Xianfeng Emperor, Qing Dynasty the 9th emperor (b. 1831)
• August 24 – Pierre Berthier, French geologist (b. 1782)* October 5 – Antoni Melchior Fijałkowski, Polish bishop (b. 1778)
• November 11 – King Pedro V of Portugal (b. 1837)
• December 14 – Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, husband of Queen Victoria (b. 1819)

External

Personal Letters from 1861 - The Letter Repository

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